James Francis Edward Stuart
James Francis Edward Stuart (1688–1766), the “Old Pretender” to the English throne. He was the only son of James II, who was overthrown in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. On the death of James II in 1701, James Francis Edward was recognized as king by his supporters, the Jacobites. In 1715 a Jacobite uprising broke out in Scotland. James landed there in December, but the rebels had been defeated in battle and he had to return to the continent. In 1719 James moved to Rome, where Pope Clement XI recognized his title and gave him a palace. In 1745–46 his son, Charles Edward (called “Bonnie Prince Charlie”), led a rebellion in Scotland on James's behalf, but was defeated at the Battle of Culloden.