Lockheed P-38 Lightning
During its time, the Lockheed P-38 Lightning was considered the most sophisticated aircraft Lockheed had ever built.
In February 1937, the U.S. Army Air Corps released Specification X-608, a daunting requirement that called for speed, range, and climb capabilities impossible to achieve at that time with a single-engine aircraft. In Burbank, California, a Lockheed design team led by Hall Hibbard, and assisted by a young engineer named Clarence "Kelly" Johnson, immediately began a series of designs that would culminate in the contract-winning XP-38. Jim Gerschler became project engineer on the aircraft.
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The XP-38 (it was many months before it was called the Lightning) was of an extraordinarily advanced conception, an all-metal, midwing monoplane with twin Allison engines using General Electric turbo-superchargers, a central nacelle for the pilot and armament, contra-rotating propellers, twin-booms and rudders, and a tricycle landing gear.
Nothing like it had ever been seen before, and it would be the only single-seat, twin-engine aircraft to reach mass production status during World War II. The distinctive sight and sound of the Lockheed P-38 Lightning would make it one of the best-known aircraft of the war.
Versatile as well as intriguing to look at, the Lockheed P-38 Lightning was continually improved, and saw service everywhere American forces were engaged.
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First flown on January 27, 1939, by one of its staunchest advocates, Air Corps 1st Lieutenant Ben Kelsey, the prototype XP-38 made national headlines when it crashed on a transcontinental record-setting attempt. Nevertheless, imminent war in Europe accentuated the need for the Lockheed P-38 Lightning, and production orders began to flow in. By war's end, a total of 10,037 P-38s had been built. As it was much more modern than the Curtiss P-40, there was a great demand in every theater of war for the twin-engine fighter.
Move on to the next section to find specifications for the Lockheed P-38 Lightning.
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Lieutenant (later Brigadier General) Benjamin S. Kelsey had logged only seven hours in the XP-38 when a decision was made to try to break Howard Hughes' transcontinental record of seven hours, 28 minutes, and 30 seconds. It was a gamble with a brand-new experimental aircraft, but the Air Corps wanted the public and a tight-fisted Congress to understand the P-38's potential.
Kelsey took off on February 11, 1939, and blazed his way across the country. On his descent to land at Mitchell Army Air Field on Long Island, after seven hours and two minutes of flying time, carburetor icing robbed the aircraft of power. Kelsey was not injured when the ZP-28 crash-landed on a golf course, but the aircraft was destroyed.
Dismayed at first, it was not long until Kelsey realized that the crash was the best thing that could have happened, for the publicity drew attention to the Army's new 400-mile-per-hour airplane. He had lost the gamble on the flight -- but won the gamble on production orders.
Lockheed P-38 Lightning Specifications
The big Lockheed P-38 Lightning had its greatest successes in the Pacific Theater, where the two leading aces, Majors Richard I. Bong and Thomas B. McGuire, scored 40 and 38 victories, respectively, using only the Lightning. The Lightning was also the only plane capable of carrying out the extraordinary 800-mile mission that climaxed with the shoot-down of the Mitsubishi "Betty" carrying Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto on April 18, 1943.
Not as maneuverable as the Japanese fighters, the Lockheed P-38 Lightnings used dive and zoom tactics and their formidable center-line firepower of four .50-inch machine guns and a single 20-mm cannon to gain victories. It gave its pilots confidence on the daily long-distance flights over water, for if one engine was lost to combat or accident, the Lightning was able to limp home on the other.
The Lockheed P-38 Lightning was less at home in Europe, where its large size made it less maneuverable than the German fighters it faced. Further, its Allison engines didn't operate as well at the high altitudes and cold temperatures of the European Theater. It became a workhorse nonetheless, doing duty in bomber escort, reconnaissance, and bombing, carrying as much as 4000 pounds of bombs in the latter role. One version of the P-38 was modified with a "droop-snoot" and carried a bombardier and either a Norden bombsight or a radar set.
Only one U.S. fighter that was in production prewar was still being made at war's end: the Lockheed P-38 Lightning.
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About 1,400 Lockheed P-38 Lightnings were completed as F-4 and F-5 reconnaissance planes, which were flown, unarmed and unafraid, deep within enemy territory. There were more Lightning reconnaissance planes than any other type in the USAAF.
The Lockheed P-38 Lightning set many records. It was the only USAAF fighter to be in production prior to the start of the war and still in production on VJ-Day, August 15, 1945. It was the first fighter with sufficient range to make ferry flights across the Atlantic. It was also the first fighter for which compressibility problems were forecast, and among the first to experience compressibility. The P-38 was the first fighter to use power-boosted flight controls as well as the first to have a tricycle landing gear.
Curiously, Lockheed did not have much luck in creating advanced versions of the Lightning. The more powerful XP-49 and XP-58 took too long to mature, and neither was successful. It really didn't matter, for the Lockheed P-38 Lightning was capable of doing all that was required of it.
For more information on airplanes, check out:- Classic Airplanes
- How Airplanes Work
Wingspan: 52 ft.
Length: 37 ft. 10 in.
Height: 12 ft. 10 in.
Empty Weight: 12,800 lbs
Gross Weight: 21,600 lbs
Top Speed: 414 mph
Service Ceiling: 44,000 ft.
Range: 450 miles
Engine/Horsepower: Two Allison V-1710s/1475 each
Crew: 1
Armament: Four .50-in. machine guns; one 20-mm cannon; up to 4000 lbs of bombs